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TRAILER PARK JESUS ~ (HD funny romantic feature film) full movies comedy good English free movie - Duration: 1:19:11. Backyard Shed Films 3,404,191 views. Monuments of unageing intellect. William Butler Yeats (1. Sailing to Byzantium"Rome casts a long shadow. I am writing in the Latin alphabet. I am using the Roman calendar, with its names of the months. I use Roman names for the planets in the sky, which also get applied to the days of the week. Sentences I write contain borrowed Latin words with some frequency [e. Latinus, frequentia, for example - - exempli gratia], even though the English language and its antecedents never existed within the Roman Empire (unlike the many modern languages directly descended from Latin, or even Welsh or Basque). The Nietzsche quote above was translated by Francis Golffing as, "The Romans were the strongest and most noble people who ever lived." This took some liberties with the translation but more succinctly conveys the essential idea. But this is just the problem. What Nietzsche admired was unapologetic power, conquest, and domination. This no longer seems so admirable, and the Empire founded by Julius Caesar and Augustus, as a form of government, does not look like an advance in the course of human progress. Even to Machiavelli, the despotism of Caesar was a grave retrogression in comparison to the Roman Republic. While a thoughtful Emperor, like Marcus Aurelius, expressed ideals adopted from Stoic cosmopolitanism, the unity and universality of Rome soon expressed itself as the unity and universality of a state religion, Christianity, whose intrinsic exclusivism and intolerance became characteristic of the Middle Ages (keeping in mind that there was already a state religion, with whose polytheistic requirements Christians and Jews had clashed). This is also no longer to be regarded as admirable. Nevertheless, the very success of Rome makes us, like it or not, her heirs, in countless matters great and small - - like monogamy, which has no Biblical basis; or shaving, which only seems to have been previously popular among the Egyptians. In some Greek cities (including Byzantium), it was illegal for men not to wear beards. Indeed, the Romans were rather more successful than is usually thought. The corpus of Roman law, let alone Greek literature, was not preserved at Rome, but at Constantinople, the "City of Constantine," , "New Rome," Nova Roma, (Konstantinopel in German; , Qustantîniyah, in Arabic or Turkish; , Istânbûl in Arabic or Turkish). We see Michael Psellus in the 1. Century contrasting "the ancient and lesser Rome, and the later, more powerful city" [Fourteen Byzantine Rulers, Penguin, 1. In Greek, the "ancient [or prior] and lesser" is ; and the "later [and], more powerful" is [Greek text, The History of Psellus, edited by Constantine Sathas, Methuen & Co., London, 1. It is striking the Psellus should have thought of Constantinople as "stronger" or "mightier," , than the older Rome. It certainly was in relation to the Rome of his day; but the implication of the statement is that Constantinople was stronger than Rome had ever been, which now seems odd. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (d. Rome as , "Great Rome" [De Administrando Imperio, Greek text edited by Gy. Moravcsik, Dumbarton Oaks Texts, 1. The tenth century Patria begins the description of Constantinople thus. When 3. 62 years had passed since the sole reign of the Caesar Augustus in the elder Rome [], and her fortunes were already coming to an end, Constantine the son of Constantius took over the scepters [] and established the new Rome [], ordering that it should be equal in rank to the first. Accounts of Medieval Constantinople, the Patria, translated by Albrecht Berger, Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard, 2. Since néa in Greek means "young" as much as "new," the contrast with the "elder," presbytéra, Rome is appropriate. What most people would probably regard as an obscure and possibly unpleasant footnote to Mediaeval history, the Byzantine Empire, was in fact still the Roman Empire, known to Western Europeans, "Latins" or "Franks" at the time, as Romania, already the name of the Empire in Late Antiquity. In the Middle Ages, the Greeks used the Classical word for "Greeks," Hellênes, , to mean the ancient pagan Greeks, as the word is used in the New Testament - - sometimes the Latin word for Greeks would be borrowed, as Graikoi, , if this was needed for contemporary reference, as for the language - - a practice already found in the chronicler Theophanes Confessor (c. AD). In 1. 35. 4 Demetrius Cydones even translated the Summa Contra Gentiles of St. Thomas Aquinas into Greek as the Book against the Hellenes. Mediaeval Greek speakers, and the other citizens of the Empire, whom we would now regard as different nationalities, Armenians, Albanians, Vlachs, etc., were themselves always Romans, , Rhômaîoi, and the Empire was always , hê Rhômaíôn Arkhê, , hê Rhômaíôn Basileía, "the Empire of the Romans," or even , Rhômania, as in Latin. See the "Note on 'Romania'".). It is then natural that Classicists, to whom the Romans were the last people who proudly weren't Christians, would prefer the hostile modern neologism "Byzantine" for the continuing Empire, rather than pollute the memory of Augustus and Trajan with that of Justinian, Heraclius, or Basil II. Yet even Justinian wore no beard and was still speaking Latin - - and what Classicist will dare, and I dare them, to fault the others for speaking Greek? The very people, as it happens, thanks to whom we possess Classical Greek and its literature. Indeed, even Edward Gibbon, who actually called Mediaeval Romans (and he does frequently call them that) "a degenerate people" [The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume III, Modern Library, p. Latin by Greek in the Law, Court, and Army, referred to "the Greek, whose intrinsic merit deserved indeed the preference" [p. So we find that Gibbon was a Hellenophile - - he just wanted pagan, not Christian, Greeks. Historians sometimes note the humiliation of the Greeks in being conquered by Rome, and sometimes the irony of the Romans admiring and adopting Greek thought, architecture, literature, etc. Horace said, Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, "Captive Greece captured the wild victor." But I have never seen the stark truth put this way: The Greeks inherited the Roman Empire, without, however, ceasing to identify with it. Why does no one say that? They must be thinking that those Christian Greeks are no longer really Greeks, who by definition were pagans. Of course, Basil II and Alexius Comnenus would agree. They are no longer Hellênes; they are Rhômaîoi. But if, to historians, they are neither Greeks nor Romans, what can they be? Oh, let's make up a word. They are "Byzantines" - - and we all know how nasty that is. But the Romans, who were the last Classical people who were not Christians, were also, as it happens, the first who were. Classicists, as with Gibbon's "triumph of barbarism and religion" [ibid. A Western outpost of Constantinople like Venice long provided a pipeline of influence from Romania, even in little things, like the fork (the one for eating - - forgotten after the "Fall of Rome" and unknown among the Franks), which arrived there in 1. The Latin conquest of Constantinople in 1. Venice), and then refugees from the fall of the City to the Ottomans in 1. Roman East back into the hitherto poorer Mediaeval civilization of the West. Much remaining from the Classical world was lost, nevertheless, not with the Germanic invasions, the "Fall," and the Dark Ages, but in these later disasters. Sometimes only pitiful fragments were salvaged from them - - even as we see the Parthenon surviving intact until 1. Turkish gunpowder. Thus, half of the literature described by the Patriarch Photius in his 9th century Bibliotheca is now lost. Rome began as a City, grew into an Empire, Romania, in which the City lost its identity, and which then shrank down, in the end, to another City. Rhômanós. Romanus, Roman. Roma, , Rome, Romthe City, Urbs, Rhômaîos. Romanus, Roman, Romanian? Romania, , Romanie, Romagnathe Empire, Orbis. Empire. When we realize how much was preserved, in literature, art, and institutions, at Constantinople from the soi disant "Fall of Rome," it helps us realize how much Mediaeval Romania was, indeed, still the Roman Empire, just as they tell us. In an age when the politically correct absurdly fall all over themselves to say "Beijing" rather than "Peking" or "Mumbai" rather than "Bombay," probably without being able to pronounce "Beijing" or say what language "Mumbai" is from, it is extraordinary to find historians who not only do not call the Mediaeval Roman Empire what it was, but who seem to have even forgotten that "Romania" was actually its name in both Latin and Greek. |
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